Psychemedics Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay for Amphetamines in Hair
Device Facts
| Record ID | K210212 |
|---|---|
| Device Name | Psychemedics Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay for Amphetamines in Hair |
| Applicant | Psychemedics Corporation |
| Product Code | LAF · Clinical Toxicology |
| Decision Date | Dec 15, 2021 |
| Decision | SESE |
| Submission Type | Traditional |
| Regulation | 21 CFR 862.3610 |
| Device Class | Class 2 |
Indications for Use
The Psychemedics homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (HEIA) for amphetamines in hair is an enzyme immunoassay system for the preliminary qualitative detection of methamphetamine in human head and body hair using a methamphetamine calibrator at 3 ng methamphetamine/10 mg hair or 5 ng methamphetamine/10 mg hair for the purpose of identifying methamphetamine use, and for the preliminary qualitative detection of amphetamine in human head and body hair using an amphetamine calibrator at 3 ng amphetamine/10 mg hair for the purpose of identifying amphetamine use. This is an in vitro diagnostic device intended exclusively for Psychemedics use only and is not for sale to anyone. The Psychemedics HEIA for amphetamines in hair provides only a preliminary analytical test result. A more specific alternative chemical method must be used in order to obtain a confirmed analytical result. Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is the preferred confirmatory method.
Device Story
Device performs preliminary qualitative screening for amphetamine and methamphetamine in human head/body hair. Process involves pre-analytical hair extraction into liquid matrix followed by homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (HEIA) on automated clinical chemistry analyzer. Assay utilizes competition between drug-labeled G6PDH and free drug from hair extract for fixed antibody binding sites; spectrophotometric measurement at 340 nm determines enzyme activity inversely proportional to drug concentration. Presumptive positives require confirmation via LC/MS/MS using AB Sciex 3200 system. Intended for use by Psychemedics laboratory personnel. Output provides preliminary analytical result for drug identification, necessitating confirmatory testing for clinical decision-making. Benefits include rapid screening of hair samples for drug use identification.
Clinical Evidence
No clinical studies performed. Evidence consists of analytical performance data including precision (intra-assay and inter-assay), cross-reactivity, interference studies, and method comparison against LC/MS/MS confirmation. Precision studies showed %CVs generally <6%. Method comparison demonstrated high agreement between HEIA screening results and LC/MS/MS confirmation.
Technological Characteristics
System comprises reagents (anti-drug monoclonal antibody, drug-labeled recombinant G6PDH) and automated clinical chemistry analyzer (Olympus AU 640). Measurement principle: competitive enzyme immunoassay, spectrophotometric detection at 340 nm. Confirmatory system: AB Sciex 3200 LC/MS/MS with LC-20AD pumps and LEAP PAL HTC-xt autosampler. Extraction: acidic aqueous buffer. Qualitative test.
Indications for Use
Indicated for preliminary qualitative detection of methamphetamine and amphetamine in human head and body hair to identify drug use. Intended for use by Psychemedics only.
Regulatory Classification
Identification
A methamphetamine test system is a device intended to measure methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulating drug, in serum, plasma, and urine. Measurements obtained by this device are used in the diagnosis and treatment of methamphetamine use or overdose.
Special Controls
*Classification.* Class II (special controls). A methamphetamine test system is not exempt if it is intended for any use other than employment or insurance testing or is intended for Federal drug testing programs. The device is exempt from the premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 807 of this chapter subject to the limitations in § 862.9, provided the test system is intended for employment and insurance testing and includes a statement in the labeling that the device is intended solely for use in employment and insurance testing, and does not include devices intended for Federal drug testing programs (*e.g.,* programs run by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the Department of Transportation (DOT), and the U.S. military).
Predicate Devices
- Psychemedics Microplate EIA for Methamphetamine in Hair (k111927)
- Psychemedics Microplate EIA for Amphetamine in Hair (k130811)
Related Devices
- K111927 — PSYCHEMEDICS METHAMPHETAMINE EIA · Psychemedics Corp. · May 1, 2012
- K201228 — Psychemedics Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay for Cocaine in Hair · Psychemedics Corporation · Jun 25, 2021
Submission Summary (Full Text)
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FDA
U.S. FOOD & DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
# 510(k) SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE DETERMINATION DECISION SUMMARY
ASSAY ONLY
## I Background Information:
A 510(k) Number
K210212
B Applicant
Psychemedics Corporation
C Proprietary and Established Names
Psychemedics Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay for Amphetamines in Hair
D Regulatory Information
| Product Code(s) | Classification | Regulation Section | Panel |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LAF | Class II | 21 CFR 862.3610 - Methamphetamine Test System | TX - Clinical Toxicology |
| DKZ | Class II | 21 CFR 862.3100 - Amphetamine test system | TX - Clinical Toxicology |
## II Submission/Device Overview:
A Purpose for Submission:
New Device
B Measurand:
Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
C Type of Test:
Qualitative Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay (HEIA)
Food and Drug Administration
10903 New Hampshire Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002
www.fda.gov
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K210212 - Page 2 of 16
## III Intended Use/Indications for Use:
### A Intended Use(s):
See Indications for Use below.
### B Indication(s) for Use:
The Psychemedics homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (HEIA) for amphetamines in hair is an enzyme immunoassay system for the preliminary qualitative detection of methamphetamine in human head and body hair using a methamphetamine calibrator at 3 ng methamphetamine/10 mg hair or 5 ng methamphetamine/10 mg hair for the purpose of identifying methamphetamine use, and for the preliminary qualitative detection of amphetamine in human head and body hair using an amphetamine calibrator at 3 ng amphetamine/10 mg hair for the purpose of identifying amphetamine use. This is an in vitro diagnostic device intended exclusively for Psychemedics use only and is not for sale to anyone.
The Psychemedics HEIA Amphetamines Assay provides only a preliminary analytical test result. A more specific alternative chemical method must be used in order to obtain a confirmed analytical test result. Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is the preferred confirmatory method.
### C Special Conditions for Use Statement(s):
OTC - Over The Counter
### D Special Instrument Requirements:
The Olympus AU 640 analyzer was used for validation of the candidate assay.
The confirmation assay uses an AB Sciex 3200 LC/MS/MS linked to two LC-20AD Prominence Liquid Chromatograph Pumps and a LEAP PAL HTC-xt autosampler.
## IV Device/System Characteristics:
### A Device Description:
The Psychemedics homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (HEIA) test for amphetamines in hair consists of two parts; a pre-analytical hair treatment procedure (to extract amphetamines or methamphetamines from the solid hair matrix to a measurable liquid matrix) and the screening assay, the Psychemedics Amphetamines HEIA.
The Psychemedics Amphetamines HEIA consists of reagents R1 (anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibody with substrate) and R2 (methamphetamine labeled recombinant G6PDH) for the detection of methamphetamine, and reagents R1 (anti-amphetamine monoclonal antibody with substrate) and R2 (amphetamine labeled recombinant G6PDH) for the detection of amphetamine.
The confirmation assay consists of an AB Sciex 3200 LC/MS/MS linked to two LC-20AD Prominence Liquid Chromatograph Pumps and a LEAP PAL HTC-xt autosampler.
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## B Principle of Operation:
Hair sample extracts are combined with methamphetamine antibody and methamphetamine-labeled G6PDH and amphetamine antibody and amphetamine-labeled G6PDH using a chemistry autoanalyzer. The assay is based on competition between the drug-labeled G6PDH and free drug from the extracted hair sample for a fixed amount of specific antibody binding sites. In the absence of free drug from the samples, the specific antibody binds the drug-labeled G6PDH and causes a decrease in enzyme activity. This phenomenon creates a direct relationship between the drug concentration in hair and enzyme activity. The enzyme activity is determined spectrophotometrically at 340 nm.
For samples that are presumptive positive by the screening assay, a new aliquot of the hair sample is weighed, washed extensively to remove externally derived methamphetamine and amphetamine, extracted by a different procedure and confirmed by LC/MS/MS for the presence of methamphetamine and amphetamine.
## V Substantial Equivalence Information:
### A Predicate Device Name(s):
Psychemedics Microplate EIA For Amphetamine in Hair, Psychemedics Microplate EIA for Methamphetamine in Hair
### B Predicate 510(k) Number(s):
K130811, K111927
### C Comparison with Predicate(s):
| Device & Predicate Device(s): | K210212 | K130811 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Device Trade Name | Psychemedics homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for amphetamine in hair | Psychemedics Microplate EIA for Amphetamine in Hair |
| General Device Characteristic Similarities | | |
| Intended Use/Indications For Use | Preliminary qualitative detection of amphetamine in human head and body hair using an amphetamine calibrator of 3 ng/10 mg hair for the purpose of identifying amphetamine use | Same |
| Measurand | Amphetamine | Same |
| Sample Matrix | Human Hair | Same |
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| Device & Predicate Device(s): | K210212 | K130811 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Type of Test | Enzyme Immunoassay | Same |
| Confirmation Method | LC/MS/MS | Same |
| General Device Characteristic Differences | | |
| Method of Measurement | Automated Clinical Chemistry Analyzer at 340 nm | Microplate Reader at 450 nm |
| Extraction Method | Acidic aqueous buffer | Patented Digestion Method |
| Device & Predicate Device(s): | K210212 | K111927 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Device Trade Name | Psychemedics homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for amphetamine in hair | Psychemedics Microplate EIA for Methamphetamine in hair |
| General Device Characteristic Similarities | | |
| Intended Use/Indications For Use | Preliminary qualitative detection of methamphetamine in human head and body hair using a methamphetamine calibrator of 3 ng/10 mg hair or 5 ng/10 mg hair for the purpose of identifying methamphetamine use. | Same |
| Measurand | Methamphetamine | Same |
| Sample Matrix | Human Hair | Same |
| Type of Test | Enzyme Immunoassay | Same |
| Confirmation Method | LC/MS/MS | Same |
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| Device & Predicate Device(s): | K210212 | K111927 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| General Device Characteristic Differences | | |
| Method of Measurement | Automated Clinical Chemistry Analyzer at 340 nm | Microplate Reader at 450 nm |
| Extraction Method | Acidic aqueous buffer | Patented Digestion Method |
VI Standards/Guidance Documents Referenced:
None provided.
VII Performance Characteristics (if/when applicable):
A Analytical Performance:
1. Precision/Reproducibility:
Precision studies were performed by spiking negative hair with previously LC/MS/MS validated calibrator and control solutions to achieve concentrations of negative, the cutoff calibrator of 3 ng methamphetamine/10 mg hair, 5 ng methamphetamine/10 mg hair, or 3 ng amphetamine/10 mg hair, and +/- 75%, +/-50% and +/-25% of the cutoff calibrator.
| Candidate Assay Methamphetamine Reagents Intra-Assay and Inter-Assay Precision Summary, 3 ng Methamphetamine/10 mg Hair Calibrator | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Summary Intra-Assay Precision | | | Summary Inter-Assay Precision | | |
| Level | NEG | POS | Level | NEG | POS |
| -100% | 8 | 0 | -100% | 80 | 0 |
| -75% | 8 | 0 | -75% | 80 | 0 |
| -50% | 8 | 0 | -50% | 80 | 0 |
| -25% | 8 | 0 | -25% | 80 | 0 |
| +25% | 0 | 8 | +25% | 0 | 80 |
| +50 | 0 | 8 | +50 | 0 | 80 |
| +75% | 0 | 8 | +75% | 0 | 80 |
| +100% | 0 | 8 | +100% | 0 | 80 |
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| Candidate Assay Methamphetamine Reagents Intra-Assay and Inter-Assay Precision Summary, 5 ng Methamphetamine/10 mg Hair Calibrator | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Summary Intra-Assay Precision | | | Summary Inter-Assay Precision | | |
| Level | NEG | POS | Level | NEG | POS |
| -100% | 8 | 0 | -100% | 80 | 0 |
| -75% | 8 | 0 | -75% | 80 | 0 |
| -50% | 8 | 0 | -50% | 80 | 0 |
| -25% | 8 | 0 | -25% | 80 | 0 |
| +25% | 0 | 8 | +25% | 0 | 80 |
| +50 | 0 | 8 | +50 | 0 | 80 |
| +75% | 0 | 8 | +75% | 0 | 80 |
| +100% | 0 | 8 | +100% | 0 | 80 |
| Candidate Assay Amphetamine Reagents Intra-Assay and Inter-Assay Precision Summary | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Summary Intra-Assay Precision | | | Summary Inter-Assay Precision | | |
| Level | NEG | POS | Level | NEG | POS |
| -100% | 8 | 0 | -100% | 80 | 0 |
| -75% | 8 | 0 | -75% | 80 | 0 |
| -50% | 8 | 0 | -50% | 80 | 0 |
| -25% | 8 | 0 | -25% | 80 | 0 |
| +25% | 0 | 8 | +25% | 0 | 80 |
| +50 | 0 | 8 | +50 | 0 | 80 |
| +75% | 0 | 8 | +75% | 0 | 80 |
| +100% | 0 | 8 | +100% | 0 | 80 |
Precision Studies for LC-MS/MS
Intra-assay Precision Around the Cutoff: 3 ng of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine per 10 mg Hair
Intra-assay precision was determined around the cutoff of 3 ng methamphetamine and amphetamine per 10 mg hair at each of the following concentrations: 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150%. The concentrations of amphetamines evaluated for intra-assay precision around the cutoff were: 1.5, 2.25, 3.0, 3.75 and 4.5 ng analyte per 10 mg hair. The concentrations of amphetamines evaluated for intra-assay precision from LLOQ to ULOQ were: 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0 and 50 ng analyte per 10 mg hair.
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| Intra-assay Precision Around the 3 ng Analyte per 10 mg Hair Cutoff | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | ng analyte/10 mg hair | | | | |
| Methamphetamine | 1.5 | 2.25 | 3.0 | 3.75 | 4.5 |
| Average | 1.424 | 2.148 | 2.73 | 3.406 | 4.14 |
| S.D | 0.044 | 0.013 | 0.071 | 0.115 | 0.135 |
| %C.V. | 3.085 | 0.607 | 2.590 | 3.364 | 3.272 |
| | | | | | |
| Amphetamine | 1.50 | 2.25 | 3.00 | 3.75 | 4.50 |
| Average | 1.534 | 2.234 | 3.036 | 3.732 | 4.492 |
| S.D | 0.057 | 0.077 | 0.092 | 0.066 | 0.207 |
| %C.V. | 3.705 | 3.447 | 3.015 | 1.781 | 4.599 |
Intra-assay precision over the range of the assay for methamphetamine and amphetamine is provided in the following table.
| Intra-assay Precision Over the Range of the Assay | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | ng analyte/10 mg hair | | | | | | | |
| Meth | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 25.0 | 50.0 |
| Average | 0.264 | 0.537 | 1.0208 | 2.88 | 5.002 | 10.82 | 25.16 | 46.34 |
| S.D | 0.0080 | 0.0153 | 0.0283 | 0.0982 | 0.0642 | 0.4550 | 0.6465 | 0.9965 |
| %C.V. | 3.05 | 2.85 | 2.78 | 3.41 | 1.28 | 4.20 | 2.57 | 2.15 |
| | | | | | | | | |
| Amp | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 25.0 | 50.0 |
| Average | 0.261 | 0.529 | 0.980 | 2.81 | 4.822 | 10.92 | 25.98 | 48.14 |
| S.D | 0.0120 | 0.0167 | 0.0321 | 0.1166 | 0.2461 | 0.3194 | 0.2490 | 0.9762 |
| %C.V. | 4.61 | 3.15 | 3.28 | 4.15 | 5.10 | 2.92 | 0.96 | 2.03 |
Inter-assay Precision Around the Cutoff: 3 ng of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine per 10 mg Hair
Inter-assay precision around the cutoff was determined at 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 ng analyte per 10 mg of hair. Inter-assay precision was performed over 5 separate days, testing each respective sample concentration in quintuplicate. Inter-assay Precision of the 3 ng analyte per 10 mg Hair cutoff for methamphetamine and amphetamine is provided in the following table.
| Inter-assay Precision | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ng Analyte/10 mg hair | | | | | | |
| | Methamphetamine | | | Amphetamine | | |
| | 1.5 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 4.5 |
| Avg | 1.49 | 2.95 | 4.35 | 1.47 | 2.98 | 4.36 |
| S.D. | 0.0759 | 0.1614 | 0.1825 | 0.0809 | 0.1061 | 0.2265 |
| %CV | 5.08 | 5.47 | 4.20 | 5.51 | 3.56 | 5.20 |
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Intra-assay Precision Around the Cutoff: 5 ng of Methamphetamine per 10 mg Hair
The concentrations of 5 methamphetamine samples evaluated for intra-assay precision around the cutoff were: 2.5, 3.75, 5.0, 6.25 and 7.5 ng analyte per 10 mg hair. The concentrations of amphetamines evaluated for intra-assay precision from LLOQ to ULOQ were the same as those evaluated for the 3 ng of methamphetamine per 10 mg hair cutoff.
| Intra-Assay Precision Around the 5 ng Cutoff | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ng analyte/10 mg hair | | | | | |
| | 2.5 | 3.75 | 5.0 | 6.25 | 7.5 |
| Avg. | 2.52 | 3.77 | 5.05 | 6.09 | 7.15 |
| S.D. | 0.086 | 0.066 | 0.118 | 0.224 | 0.147 |
| %CV | 3.402 | 1.764 | 2.329 | 3.669 | 2.061 |
Inter-assay precision around the 5 ng/10 mg hair cutoff for methamphetamine is shown in the following table.
| Inter-assay Precision around the 5 ng Cutoff | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Methamphetamine | | | |
| ng analyte/10 mg hair | | | |
| | 2.5 | 5.0 | 7.5 |
| Average | 2.42 | 4.93 | 7.14 |
| S.D. | 0.105 | 0.155 | 0.270 |
| %CV | 4.32 | 3.15 | 3.78 |
2. Linearity:
The screening immunoassays are qualitative tests. An evaluation of linearity is not applicable.
LC-MS/MS Linearity:
The following concentrations were analyzed: 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0 and 50 ng methamphetamine and amphetamine per 10 mg of hair.
All results were within 20% of the target concentrations. Agreement of the 5 determinations at each concentration was ≤10% CV. The regression coefficient was >0.995. The actual data points deviated <20% from the regression line.
The LC-MS/MS assay is used only to determine if the concentration of the target analyte is above or below the cutoff. There are no clinical claims for concentrations other than the cutoff.
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3. Analytical Specificity/Interference:
Cross Reactivity:
Samples consisting of 8 mg hair were added to various compounds to determine cross reactivity. Structurally similar compounds were tested individually in the candidate assay using the methamphetamine and amphetamine reagents to an expected cross reactivity of 1% (e.g., for the 5 ng methamphetamine/10 mg hair calibrator to 500 ng cross reactor/10 mg hair, for the 3 ng methamphetamine or amphetamine/10 mg hair calibrator to 300 ng cross reactor/10 mg hair). Structurally similar compounds that cross reacted at 1% were then tested at decreasing concentrations until the compound produced a positive result against the methamphetamine or amphetamine calibrator. Structurally dissimilar compounds (100 ng/10 mg hair) were tested individually as cross-reactants in the candidate assay using the methamphetamine and amphetamine reagents.
The cross-reactivity of the following metabolites and methamphetamines structural analogs was evaluated by determining the minimum concentration that would result approximately equivalent to the 3.0 ng methamphetamine/10 mg hair and 5.0 ng methamphetamine/10 mg cutoffs.
| Cross Reactivities, Methamphetamine 3 ng/10 mg Calibrator, Structurally Related Compounds and Metabolites | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Compound | % Cross Reactivity | Concentration Equivalent to 3.0 ng Methamphetamine/10 mg Hair |
| MDMA | 81 | 3.7 |
| Para-Methoxy Methamphetamine | 50 | 6.0 |
| 1R, 2S Ephedrine | 20 | 15 |
| MDEA | 12 | 25 |
| R-Methamphetamine | 2 | 150 |
| D-Amphetamine | <1 | >300 |
| L-Amphetamine | <1 | >300 |
| MDA | <1 | >300 |
| Para-methoxy Amphetamine | <1 | >300 |
| Cross Reactivities, Methamphetamine 5 ng/10 mg Calibrator, Structurally Related Compounds and Metabolites | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Compound | % Cross Reactivity | Concentration Equivalent to 5.0 ng Methamphetamine/10 mg Hair |
| MDMA | 83 | 6 |
| Para-Methoxy Methamphetamine | 50 | 10 |
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| Cross Reactivities, Methamphetamine 5 ng/10 mg Calibrator, Structurally Related Compounds and Metabolites | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Compound | % Cross Reactivity | Concentration Equivalent to 5.0 ng Methamphetamine/10 mg Hair |
| 1R, 2S Ephedrine | 20 | 25 |
| MDEA | 10 | 50 |
| R-(-)-Methamphetamine | 2 | 175 |
| D-Amphetamine | <1 | >500 |
| L-Amphetamine | <1 | >500 |
| MDA | <1 | >500 |
| Para-methoxy Amphetamine | <1 | >500 |
The sponsor did not observe cross reactivity in the candidate assay using the methamphetamine reagents with the following compounds:
Anhydroecgonine Methyl Ester, Atropine, Bupropion, Cotinine, Cannabinol, Chlorpheniramine maleate, O-Desmethylvenlafaxine, Desipramine, Doxylamine succinate, 1S, 2R Ephedrine, Naproxen, Nicotine, Nortriptyline, H-Propoxyphene, R,R-Pseudoephedrine, Thioridazine, Cis-Tramadol, Venlafaxine, $(\pm)$-11-nor-9-Carboxy- $\Delta$ 9-THC, Pentazocine, Amoxicillin, Propranolol, Promethazine, Phenmetrazine, Phendimetrazine, Benzocaine, Ecgonine, Dextromethorphan, Amitriptyline, R-(-)-Phenylephrine, Glutethimide, Meprobamate, Lidocaine, Carbamazepine, Diazepam, Nordiazepam, AM-2201, JWH-019, JWH-081, JWH-122, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dyphylline, Methaqualone, Theophylline, CP47.497, CP47.497 C8 Homologue, HU-211, JWH-200, JWH-250, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Ethosuximide, $(\pm)$-Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Barbital, Metanephrine, Normetanephrine, Methocarbamol, Alprazolam, Cimoticine, Citalopram, Clopidogrel Bisulfate, Fluconazole, Hydrochlorothiazide, Lamotrigine, L-Thyroxine, Methyl Phenidate, Omeprazole, Amlodipine Besylate, Atorvastatin, Azithromycin, Bupivacaine, Cetirizine, Dimenhydrinate, Lisinopril, Methsuximide, Phensuximide, N-Normethyl Suximide, Butabarbital, Amobarbital, Secobarbital, Hexobarbital, Phenobarbital, Mephyton, Ethotoin, Mephobarbital, PEMA, 10, 11-Dihydrocarbamazepine, Medazepam, Chlorpromazine, Flurazepam, Lorazepam, Temazepam, Bromazepam, Primidone, 5,5-Diphenyl Hydantoin, Triamterene, Nordoxepin, Oxazepam, Levitriacetam, Metformin, Phenytoin, R-Phenylephrine, Sertraline, Topiramate, Zolpidem Tartrate, Vanilmandelic Acid, 5-Hydroxy Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Homovanilic Acid.
The cross reactivity of the following metabolites and amphetamines structural analogs was evaluated by determining the minimum concentration that would result approximately equivalent to the $3.0\mathrm{ng}$ amphetamine/10 mg hair cutoff.
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| Cross Reactivities of Structurally Related Compounds and Metabolites | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Compound | % Cross Reactivity | Concentration Equivalent to 3.0 ng Amphetamine/10 mg Hair |
| MDA | 100 | 3.0 |
| Phentermine | 25 | 12 |
| D-Methamphetamine | <1 | >300 |
| MDMA | <1 | >300 |
| Phenmetrazine | <1 | >300 |
| 1R, 2S Ephedrine | <1 | >300 |
The sponsor did not observe cross reactivity in the candidate assay using the amphetamine reagents with the following compounds:
Anhydroecgonine Methyl Ester, Atropine, Bupropion, Cotinine, Cannabinol, Chlorpheniramine maleate, O-Desmethylvenlafaxine, Desipramine, Doxylamine succinate, 1S, 2R Ephedrine, Naproxen, Nicotine, Nortriptyline, H-Propoxyphene, R,R-Pseudoephedrine, Thioridazine, Cis-Tramadol, Venlafaxine, $(\pm)$-11-nor-9-Carboxy-$\Delta$9-THC, Pentazocine, Amoxicillin, Propranolol, Promethazine, Phenmetrazine, Phendimetrazine, Benzocaine, Ecgonine, Dextromethorphan, Amitriptyline, R-(-)-Phenylephrine, Glutethimide, Meprobamate, Lidocaine, Carbamazepine, Diazepam, Nordiazepam, AM-2201, JWH-019, JWH-081, JWH-122, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dyphylline, Methaqualone, Theophylline, CP47.497, CP47.497 C8 Homologue, HU-211, JWH-200, JWH-250, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Ethosuximide, $(\pm)$-Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Barbital, Metanephrine, Normetanephrine, Methocarbamol, Alprazolam, Cimoticine, Citalopram, Clopidogrel Bisulfate, Fluconazole, Hydrochlorothiazide, Lamotrigine, L-Thyroxine, Methyl Phenidate, Omeprazole, Amlodipine Besylate, Atorvastatin, Azithromycin, Bupivacaine, Cetirizine, Dimenhydrinate, Lisinopril, Methsuximide, Phensuximide, N-Normethyl Suximide, Butabarbital, Amobarbital, Secobarbital, Hexobarbital, Phenobarbital, Mephyton, Ethotoin, Mephobarbital, PEMA, 10, 11-Dihydrocarbamazepine, Medazepam, Chlorpromazine, Flurazepam, Lorazepam, Temazepam, Bromazepam, Primidone, 5,5-Diphenyl Hydantoin, Triamterene, Nordoxepin, Oxazepam, Levitriacetam, Metformin, Phenytoin, R-Phenylephrine, Sertraline, Topiramate, Zolpidem Tartrate, Vanilmandelic Acid, 5-Hydroxy Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Homovanilic Acid.
## Interference Studies
The following compounds (100 ng/10 mg hair) were tested at the methamphetamine cutoff at 3 ng and 5 ng/10 mg hair, the amphetamine cutoff of 3 ng analyte per 10 mg hair, and at +/- 50% of these cutoffs to determine which of them might interfere in the assay and to what degree and were found to have no interference with the candidate assay using the methamphetamine and amphetamine reagents.
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Anhydroecgonine Methyl Ester, Atropine, Bupropion, Cotinine, Cannabinol, Chlorpheniramine maleate, O-Desmethylvenlafaxine, Desipiramine, Doxylamine Succinate, 1S, 2R-Ephedrine, Naproxen, Nicotine, Nortriptyline, Propoxyphene, R,R-Pseudoephedrine, Thioridazine, Cis-Tramadol, Venlafaxine HCl, 8-(-)-11-nor-9-caroxy-delta-9 THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9 THC, Amoxicillin, Propanolol, Promethazine, Phenmetrazine, Phendimetrazine, Benzocaine, Ecgonine, Metanephrin, Glutethimide, Meprobamate, Methyprylon, Carbamazepine, Diazepam, Nordiazepam, Oxazepam, Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dyphylline, Methaqualone, Theophylline, Amitryptiline, Dextromethorphan, Lidocaine, Methocarbamol, Nordoxepin, Pentazocine, Phenylephrine, Triamterene, Ethosuximide, α-Methyl-α-propylsuccinimide, Metharbital, Barbital, Methsuximide, Phensuximide, N-Normethylsuximide, Mephenytoin, Ethyton, Mephobarbital, PEMA, Phenobarbital, Methyl PEMA, 10, 11-Dihydrocarbamazepine, Primidone, Carbamazepine, 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin, 4-Methylprimidone, Glutethimide, Methaqualone, Chlorpromazine, Flurazepam, AM-2201, JWH-019, JWH-081, JWH-122, CP47, 497 (±), CP 47, 497 (±) C8 Homologue, HU-211, JWH-200, JWH-250, Acetominophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, R,R-(-)-Pseudoephedrine, Epinephrine (±), Norepinephrine (±), normetanephrine (±), Alprazolam, Cimetidine, Citalopram HBr, Clonazepam, Clopidogrel Bisulfate, Fluconazole, Hydrochlorothiazide, Lamotrigine, L-Thyroxine, Methylphenidate HCl, Omeprazole, Amlopidine Besylate, Atorvastatin Calcium Salt, Azithromycin Dihydrate, Bupivacaine HCl, Cetirizine Di-HCl, Dimenhydrinate, Lisinopril Dihydrate, Butabarbital, Amobarbital, Secobarbital, Hexobarbital, Medazepam, Lorazepam, Temazepam, Bromazepam, Carbamazepine, Levetiracetam, Metformin HCl, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, R-(-)-Phenylephrine HCl, Sertraline HCl, Topiramate, Zolpidem Tartrate, Zonisamide, 11-nor-9-caroxy-delta-8 THC, Streptomycin Solution, Procaine, Erythromycin, Penicillin G, Mepivacaine, Vanilmandelic Acid (±), 5-Hydroxyindole-3-Acetic Acid, Homovanilic Acid.
## Immunoassay: Effect of cosmetic treatments
Head hair samples negative for methamphetamines and amphetamines and head hair samples positive for methamphetamines and amphetamines were treated with the following cosmetic treatments: permanent wave, relaxer, dye (which includes bleach), and shampoo. The study included 5 amphetamines-negative samples and 4 amphetamines-positive samples with each of the treatments along with 5 methamphetamines-negative and 4 methamphetamines-positive samples with the exception of permed methamphetamines negative samples which contained 4 negative samples. The results were compared to the same samples without treatments. All of the positive samples were previously analyzed by the confirmation procedure for amphetamines and methamphetamines. After the treatments these samples and an aliquot of the same hair samples untreated were extracted for amphetamines and methamphetamines analysis and then assayed by the candidate assay using the methamphetamine and amphetamine reagents. The results with and without treatment are compared to detect interference in the assay or loss of drug due to the treatments. No negative samples turned positive, and no positive samples became negative.
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# Specificity of the LC-MS/MS method
An interference study was conducted for the LC-MS/MS method by spiking potential interferents into negative hair specimens that did not contain any drug, and individually into hair specimens containing drug. Two aliquots of each compound or mix of compounds were analyzed with 2.0 ng methamphetamine and 1.2 ng amphetamine per 10 mg hair, and one without methamphetamine and amphetamine. The sponsor concluded that the potentially interfering compounds listed below did not cross-react or cause interference with the LC-MS/MS assay.
The following compound was tested at 2000 ng/10mg hair: Warfarin.
The following compounds were tested at 500 ng/10mg hair: Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Salicylic Acid, Valproic Acid, Vigabatrin, Acetaminophen, (-)-Cotinine, S-(-)-Nicotine, Caffeine.
The following compounds were tested at 200 ng/10mg hair: Morphine, Oxycodone, Codeine, Cocaine, Phencyclidine, S-(+)-Methamphetamine, S-(+) Amphetamine, (±)-Methadone, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, R-(-)-Phenylephrine HCl, Carbamazepine, Salicylic Acid, Valproic Acid, Oxcarbazepine, Buprenorphine, Cis-Tramadol HCl, Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Meperidine, Naloxone, Naltrexone, Oxymorphone, Aripiprazole, Lacosamide, Oxocarbazepine, Rufinamide.
The following compounds were tested at 100 ng/10mg hair: Carbamazepine, Levetiracetam, Metformin HCl, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, R-(-)-Phenylephrine HCl, Sertraline HCl, Topiramate, Zolpidem Tartrate, Zonisamide, Carbamazepine, Levetiracetam, (+)-Propoxyphene.
The following compounds were tested at 50ng/10mg hair: Atorvastatin·Ca Salt, Azithromycin·2 H₂O, Bupivacaine HCl·H₂O, Dimenhydrinate, Lisinopril·2H₂O, Loratadine, Montelukast·Na Salt, Pioglitazone·HCl, Procainamide·HCl, Simvastatin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, (+)-Propoxyphene.
The following compounds were tested at 25ng/10mg hair: Cetirizine·2HCl, Prednisolone.
The following compounds were tested at 20ng/10 mg hair: Clonazepam, Estazolam, Flurazepam, Flunitrazepam, Midazolam, Nitrazepam, Prazepam, Triazolam, Zolpidem, Phentermine, R, R-(-)-Pseudoephedrine, Meprobamate, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Fentanyl.
The following compounds were tested at 2.5ng/10mg hair: Amlopidine Besylate
4. Assay Reportable Range:
An assay reportable range is not applicable for the candidate assay using the methamphetamine and amphetamine reagents because they are qualitative only.
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The claimed reportable range for the analytes methamphetamine and amphetamine measured by the LC-MS/MS method are as follows: 0.25 ng/10 mg hair to 50 ng/10mg of hair.
This reportable range is supported by the linearity, precision, and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) studies.
5. Traceability, Stability, Expected Values (Controls, Calibrators, or Methods):
Traceability: The methamphetamine and amphetamine calibrators are traceable to certified reference materials from a commercial source.
Sample Shipping Stability During Storage: Nine (9) methamphetamine positive samples remained positive after approximately 8 months in storage and after shipping twice coast to coast. Nine (9) amphetamine positive samples remained positive after approximately 6 months in storage and after shipping twice coast to coast.
6. Detection Limit:
The candidate screening test yield qualitative results only; therefore, a detection limit evaluation is not applicable. See section VII.A.1. above for performance around the candidate device cutoff.
Detection Limit of the LC-MS/MS method
The sponsor performed a study to determine the Lower limit of Quantitation (LLOQ) of the confirmatory LC-MS/MS assay for amphetamine and methamphetamine.
The LLOQ is the lowest claimed concentration that can be quantitated within 20% of the expected value for methamphetamine and amphetamine. This was found to be 0.25 ng/10 mg hair for methamphetamine and amphetamine.
7. Assay Cut-Off:
Refer to Precision Studies above.
B Comparison Studies:
1. Method Comparison with Predicate Device:
Methamphetamine, 3 ng methamphetamine/10 mg hair calibrator
Samples positive or negative for methamphetamine were tested with the candidate assay using the methamphetamine reagents.
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The hair samples were then tested using Psychemedics' LC/MS/MS confirmatory assay, to compare the Psychemedics HEIA results with the LC/MS/MS results. The studies documented the source of hair (head or body) and other demographics to include gender and hair color. The comparison of the candidate device using the methamphetamine reagent at the 3 ng/10 mg hair calibrator with LC/MS/MS is shown in the following table.
| HEIA Result | LC/MS/MS Result, ng Methamphetamine/10 mg hair (% of cutoff calibrator) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | < 1.5 (< 50% below cutoff) | 1.5 – 2.99 (≥ 50% below cutoff to cutoff) | 3.0 – 4.5 (cutoff to ≥ 50% above cutoff) | > 4.5 (> 50% above cutoff) |
| Positive | 0 | 0 | 6 | 50 |
| Negative | 53 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
## Methamphetamine, 5 ng methamphetamine/10 mg hair calibrator
Samples positive or negative for methamphetamine were tested with the candidate assay using the methamphetamine reagents.
The hair samples were then tested using Psychemedics' LC/MS/MS confirmatory assay, to compare the Psychemedics HEIA results with the LC/MS/MS results. The studies documented the source of hair (head or body) and other demographics to include gender and hair color. The comparison of the candidate device using the methamphetamine reagent at the 5 ng/10 mg hair calibrator with LC/MS/MS is shown in the following table.
| HEIA Result | LC/MS/MS Result, ng Methamphetamine/10 mg hair (% of cutoff calibrator) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | < 2.5 (< 50% below cutoff) | 2.5 – 4.99 (≥ 50% below cutoff to cutoff) | 5.0 – 7.5 (cutoff to ≥ 50% above cutoff) | > 7.5 (> 50% above cutoff) |
| Positive | 0 | 0 | 8 | 37 |
| Negative | 45 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
## Amphetamine, 3 ng Amphetamine/10 mg hair calibrator
Samples positive or negative for amphetamine were tested with the candidate assay using the amphetamine reagents.
The hair samples were then tested using Psychemedics' LC/MS/MS confirmatory assay, to compare the Psychemedics HEIA results with the LC/MS/MS results. The studies documented the source of hair (head or body) and other demographics to include gender and hair color. The comparison of the candidate device using the amphetamine reagent with LC/MS/MS is shown in the following table.
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| HEIA Result | LC/MS/MS Result, ng Amphetamine/10 mg hair (% of cutoff calibrator) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | < 1.5 (< 50% below cutoff) | 1.5 – 2.99 (≥ 50% below cutoff to cutoff) | 3.0 – 4.5 (cutoff to ≥ 50% above cutoff) | > 4.5 (> 50% above cutoff) |
| Positive | 0 | 0 | 6 | 42 |
| Negative | 42 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
Recovery from LC-MS/MS Analysis
The sponsor conducted a study to evaluate recovery for methamphetamine and amphetamine at concentrations above and below the cutoff (ng/10 mg hair). Eight sample tubes were prepared and analyzed by LC/MS/MS. Recovery of methamphetamine and amphetamine was approximately 100%.
2. Matrix Comparison:
Not applicable.
C Clinical Studies:
1. Clinical Sensitivity:
Not applicable.
2. Clinical Specificity:
Not applicable.
3. Other Clinical Supportive Data (When 1. and 2. Are Not Applicable):
Not applicable.
D Clinical Cut-Off:
Not applicable.
E Expected Values/Reference Range:
Not applicable.
VIII Proposed Labeling:
The labeling supports the finding of substantial equivalence for this device.
IX Conclusion:
The submitted information in this premarket notification is complete and supports a substantial equivalence decision.
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