K970432 · Fisher & Paykel Electronics , Ltd. · FMT · May 7, 1997 · General Hospital
Device Facts
Record ID
K970432
Device Name
INFANT RADIANT WARMER - MODELS IW910 AND IW920
Applicant
Fisher & Paykel Electronics , Ltd.
Product Code
FMT · General Hospital
Decision Date
May 7, 1997
Decision
SESE
Submission Type
Traditional
Regulation
21 CFR 880.5130
Device Class
Class 2
Attributes
Therapeutic, Pediatric
Indications for Use
The intended use of Infant Radiant Warmers is to provide thermal support for newborn babies in the first few weeks of life. This may include in the delivery room in the period immediately after birth, and in the neonatal intensive care unit for critically ill babies which may require frequent intervention from hospital personnel.
Device Story
Mobile infant warmers (IW910/IW920) provide thermal support via infrared heating element; heater assembly with parabolic reflector mounted on adjustable pole; controller unit with microprocessor-based circuitry. Inputs: skin temperature via dual-thermistor probe; user-selected modes (Baby, Manual, Prewarm). Outputs: controlled radiant heat; LED displays for temperature, timer, and alarm status. Used in delivery rooms and NICUs; operated by hospital personnel. Device maintains infant body temperature to minimize metabolic rate, supporting growth and healing. Safety features include audible/visual alarms for temperature extremes, power failure, and equipment faults; metal grill prevents contact with heating element; lockable casters for positioning.
Clinical Evidence
Clinical verification studies demonstrated the ability of the warmers to warm infants to a stable set temperature accurately and maintain that temperature. Bench testing verified functional performance, temperature control accuracy, irradiance distribution patterns, and compliance with IEC 601-2-21 standards for temperature distribution, variance, and absolute accuracy.
Technological Characteristics
Infrared heating element; parabolic reflector; dual-thermistor skin temperature sensor; microprocessor-controlled circuitry; stainless steel and thermoplastic construction; height-adjustable pole; five-arm base with 50mm lockable casters. Complies with IEC 601-2-21.
Indications for Use
Indicated for newborn babies, including low birth-weight or premature infants, and critically ill babies requiring thermal support due to reduced self-thermoregulation capacity or when radiant heat is required for unobstructed access during resuscitation or surgical procedures.
Regulatory Classification
Identification
The infant radiant warmer is a device consisting of an infrared heating element intended to be placed over an infant to maintain the infant's body temperature by means of radiant heat. The device may also contain a temperature monitoring sensor, a heat output control mechanism, and an alarm system (infant temperature, manual mode if present, and failure alarms) to alert operators of a temperature condition over or under the set temperature, manual mode time limits, and device component failure, respectively. The device may be placed over a pediatric hospital bed or it may be built into the bed as a complete unit.
Special Controls
*Classification.* Class II (Special Controls):(1) The Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) Voluntary Standard for the Infant Radiant Warmer;
(2) A prescription statement in accordance with § 801.109 of this chapter (restricted to use by or upon the order of qualified practitioners as determined by the States); and
(3) Labeling for use only in health care facilities and only by persons with specific training and experience in the use of the device.
Predicate Devices
Ohmeda, Ohio Infant Warmer System, Model 3000 (K921766)
Submission Summary (Full Text)
{0}
Fisher & Paykel
HEALTHCARE
K970432
MAY 7, 1997
Fisher & Paykel Electronics Limited
25 Carbine Road, Panmure, Auckland, New Zealand
P.O. Box 14-348, Panmure, Auckland, New Zealand
Tel: +64-9-574-0100 Fax: +64-9-574-0158
29 January, 1997
# 510(k) Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Information
Model Number / Name: IW910 Servo-Control Mobile Infant Warmer
IW920 Manual-Control Mobile Infant Warmer
Classification Name: Warmer, Infant Radiant - 80 FMT
General Hospital Devices, 21 CFR §880.5130 (Class III)
Predicate Device: Ohmeda, Ohio Infant Warmer System, Model 3000, K921766
This summary of 510(k) safety and effectiveness information is being submitted in accordance with the requirements of SMDA 1990 and 21 CFR §807.92.
The Fisher & Paykel Healthcare IW910 Servo-Control and IW920 Manual-Control Mobile Infant Warmers consist of a heater assembly, controller unit, and mounting pole and base sections.
The heater assembly includes a single rod infrared heating element housed inside a parabolic reflector. An observation lamp is mounted at the back of the heater unit. The thermoplastic enclosure is of similar cross-sectional shape to the reflector and is approx. 125mm high × 197mm wide × 625mm deep. It can be rotated to either side of the warmer, clear of the infant bed. A metal grill on the underside of the heater assembly prevents contact with the element.
The heater assembly is mounted on top of the controller unit. The transformer and Power PCB are mounted to the aluminum extrusion back section. The Control PCB is mounted on the inside of the thermoplastic front panel. This panel contains the control buttons, displays, main power switch and temperature sensor socket.
Controls consist of buttons to select operating modes, timer functions and lamp operation. A control knob selects temperature or power level. LED displays include indicators for operating mode, alarms, timer, lamp and heater power, and 3-digit displays for temperature and timer readings.
The main label is located on the controller unit rear panel, with the power inlet socket mounted in the underside. Dimensions of the controller are approx. 329mm high × 193mm wide × 104mm deep.
The controller section is supported by a single pole mounting system, with two sections of stainless steel tubing of 25mm and 32mm diameters. The upper pole section fits inside the lower to provide a height adjustment function. The tubes are secured to prevent inadvertent separation, and a polypropylene collet is used to fix the assembly at the required height. An internal spring provides support for the weight of the heater and controller assemblies. A height indication scale is etched into the upper and lower pole sections to enable correct heater-to-mattress distance to be set.
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510(k) Summary continued - Fisher & Paykel IW910 & IW920 Infant Warmers
The lower pole section is mounted into a steel stabilizer weight attached to the five-arm thermoplastic base unit. The radius of the base is approximately 315mm. The base is supported by five 50mm casters used to position the unit. All the casters include a foot-operated brake lever.
In Baby mode, the IW910 provides stable control of the baby's skin temperature by automatically adjusting the heater power to compensate for varying metabolic and environmental conditions. In Manual mode, both the IW910 and IW920 provide user-adjustable heater power. In Prewarm mode the IW910 and IW920 maintain power at a constant level of 25% ready for use.
A double thermistor sensor probe measures the baby's skin temperature, and audible and visual alarms alert the user to high or low temperature situations, equipment fault, power failure and periodic reminders to reassess the baby's clinical condition, depending on the control mode being used. Various independent safety features are included to control maximum output and avoid thermal injury to the infant.
The intended use of Infant Radiant Warmers is to provide thermal support for newborn babies in the first few weeks of life. This may include in the delivery room in the period immediately after birth, and in the neonatal intensive care unit for critically ill babies which may require frequent intervention from hospital personnel.
New-born babies (including low birth-weight or premature infants) and critically ill babies may have a reduced self-thermoregulation capacity. Body heat can be lost through the mechanisms of conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. Low quantities of internal energy and insulating fat, and a high surface area-to-mass ratio can also be contributing factors. In these cases, or when thermal support is required or desirable, radiant heat may be provided to prevent the various clinical consequences of excessive heat loss.
Infant Radiant Warmers contain an infrared heating element intended to be placed over an infant in a pediatric hospital bed, to maintain an infant's body temperature by means of controlled radiant heat. Heat energy is absorbed through an infant's skin, increasing local blood flow which transfers heat to the rest of the body by blood convection and tissue conduction.
Situations which necessitate unobstructed access to an infant, including during resuscitation or surgical procedures, may indicate the need for a radiant heat source instead of equivalent support devices such as infant incubators.
The object of providing controlled radiant heat is to stabilize the infant's temperature at the level where metabolic rate is at a minimum. At this state the infant's internal energy sources are used primarily for growth and healing, and not trying to keep warm or cool.
The technological characteristics of the IW910 and IW920 Mobile Infant Warmers are equivalent to those of the predicate device.
The free-standing configuration, location of heater and controller sections, and mounting on lockable casters to enable positioning are equivalent. Both feature a single-bar radiant heating element with a parabolic metal reflector design. Heater output is regulated by microprocessor-controlled circuitry. The modes of operation, alarm configurations and user controls are very similar between the devices. Both
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# 510(k) Summary continued - Fisher & Paykel IW910 & IW920 Infant Warmers
devices use self-monitoring software and hardware options to ensure device faults are detected and do not result in hazardous states. The power used and irradiance levels achieved on a mattress surface by the two devices are very similar in quantity.
Improvements in safety and effectiveness include the use of a dual-thermistor skin temperature sensor, the comparison of readings from which allows the equipment to detect any variation in the sensor performance, and ensure accurate temperature measurement. The temperature controlling system and software used to regulate this allow for very accurate and stable control of an infant's skin temperature, hence providing optimal environmental clinical conditions.
Performance testing for the IW910 and IW920 has been carried out in the areas of functional verification, temperature control, irradiance distribution patterns and clinical verifications.
This testing demonstrates the safety, uniform distribution, accuracy and absolute accuracy of temperatures achieved on an infant bed, and the qualitative nature of the irradiance distribution pattern on the mattress, including irradiance in specific regions of the infra-red spectrum. Clinical verification studies demonstrated the ability of the warmers to warm up babies to a stable desired set temperature level accurately in a short period of time, and the ability to control the set temperature very accurately for a stable situation. The proposed devices meet specific aspects of performance required by the standard for Infant Radiant Warmers, IEC 601-2-21, including:
- temperatures achieved on the mattress surface for different materials.
- temperature distribution and variance across the mattress surface.
- accuracy of temperature control in the servo-controlled mode.
- absolute accuracy of temperature measurement against an external comparison.
- maximum irradiance levels for overall IR and near IR spectrum regions.
The product testing carried out for the IW910 and IW920 Mobile Infant Warmers indicate that they meet their design and performance functional requirements. Clinical verification studies demonstrate the successful use of the warmers and their ability to provide accurate and stable warming of infants. The proposed devices also meet the requirements of the international standard for Infant Radiant Warmers, IEC 601-2-21.
signed: 
Chris Mander
Fisher & Paykel Healthcare
date: 29 Jan 1997
Two short videos show you everything — or skip straight to the written tutorial if you'd rather read. You can reopen this any time from the Tutorial button in the top bar.
Part 1 — Search, results, and everyday workflows 16 min
Part 2 — Embeddings: the galaxy map 3 min
1. Search: exact and fuzzy
Type a phrase like "coronary artery calcification" into the search box. You get two kinds of results. Exact results match the literal phrase — prefix searches work ("coronary artery calcificati") but suffix searches do not. Fuzzy results match on the meaning and intent of your phrase rather than the exact words, and are sorted by relevance score. Hover over the Exact or Fuzzy badge on any row to see exactly why it matched.
Use the checkboxes above the results to narrow: SaMD keeps only software-only devices, AI / ML keeps only devices with AI.
Exact vs. fuzzy search: what's the difference?
Exact matches on the literal phrase (prefix search works, suffix does not). Fuzzy matches on the meaning and intent of the phrase rather than the exact words. Hover over the badge on any row to see why it matched.
You search "coronary artery calcification" and want only software devices with AI. What two filters do you apply?
Narrow by SaMD (software-only devices), then narrow by AI/ML (devices with AI).
2. The results table
Scroll right in the results table. The intended use is extracted for you — no need to open the PDF. The device story gives a high-level snapshot of what the device does and how it's used. The AI Performance sub-table shows each output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, and development/test dataset descriptions — the same format Innolitics uses for regulatory strategy outputs, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. It is AI-generated but has been very reliable in practice.
Where do you find a device's intended use without opening the PDF?
Scroll right in the search results table. The intended use column is extracted for you; no need to dig into the 510(k) summary PDF.
What does the AI Performance sub-table show, and why is it useful?
Output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, development dataset description, and test dataset description. It's the same format we use for regulatory strategy output and Fast 510(k) input, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. AI-generated but reliable in practice.
3. Judging fuzzy relevance
Fuzzy results trail off in relevance as you scroll. Use three signals to decide how far down to go: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether your target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, you're past the relevant zone. A top hit with a low score (~0.4) and a stretched explanation is a hint the closest predicates are far away — the project may be headed for De Novo. Note the fuzzy search is a pattern match: it doesn't handle negation ("not") well, and hardware devices can appear — filter by SaMD/AI ML to cut them.
How do you judge how far down fuzzy search results to go?
Use the relevancy signals: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether the target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, results are trailing off in relevancy.
4. Device detail page: chat and citations
Click a device name to open its detail page: device facts on the left, a chat window on the right. Ask something like "Describe the training data". The answer carries little citation bubbles — click one to jump to the highlighted passage in the source PDF, so you can verify every AI answer against the document. There's also a Download PDF button for sharing.
How do you verify an AI chat answer on the device detail page?
Click the citation bubbles to jump to the relevant highlight in the source document.
Reading rule for every project: how many summaries do you read in full?
At least the three most relevant 510(k) or De Novo summaries, in full. After that, use targeted chat questions to confirm your memory quickly. The tool supports this professional habit — it doesn't replace it.
5. Side-by-side comparison
Select multiple rows in the results table (aim for under ~10), then open the PDF Viewer tab. Ask one question — it goes to all selected devices in parallel, each with citations. This is the fastest way to compare and contrast devices: training data, PCCP scope, how they handled adding new scanners, and so on.
What does the side-by-side PDF viewer mode do?
Select multiple devices, open the PDF viewer tab, and ask one question (e.g., "Describe the training data"). It queries all selected devices simultaneously with citations, so you can compare and contrast quickly.
6. Collections
With rows selected, go to the Collections tab and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). Reload that selection any time — before a client call, pull up the collection and ask questions across all of its devices at once.
How do you save a set of selected devices for later use?
Select the rows, go to the Collections tab, and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). You can reload the selection anytime and carry it into the PDF viewer and other tabs that support selections.
7. Product codes and the regulations tree
Click a product code in the results to jump to it in the regulations tree — identification text, sibling product codes, and devices you can open in a PDF viewer on the right. Click a regulation number to see its identification, special controls, and related product codes. You can also search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree. Always read the special controls if any exist for your device — it broadens your search and sharpens pre-kickoff research.
What can you do from the regulations tree view?
Browse product codes and regulation numbers, read the identification text and special controls, browse sibling product codes, open device PDFs on the right, and search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree.
8. Chart view
Click Show Chart and segment by regulation number (or product code) to see which regulations dominate your result set. Clicking a regulation takes you into the regulations tree. Great for spotting that most matches are, say, hardware laparoscopic devices — a cue to go back and filter.
How do you see which regulations dominate a search result set?
Click "Show Chart" and segment by Regulation Number. Clicking a regulation takes you to the regulations tree.
9. The predicate graph
Open the Predicates tab for a family-tree view of predicate relationships. Click a node to trace its parents and children; selections from search carry over pre-selected. Commonly predicated devices are worth reading — a lot of people predicated them for a reason. The visual lineage is also handy on client calls, e.g. to show how a predicate family evolved and justify why your predicate still holds.
In the predicate graph, why are commonly predicated devices worth reading?
A lot of people predicated them for a reason. Clicking a node traces parents and children, and selections from search carry over pre-selected.
10. Embeddings: the galaxy map
The Embeddings tab plots every matching document in a 2-D "galaxy map" where semantically similar devices cluster together. Hover or click clusters to explore, and let AI label the clusters for you. Embeddings beat product codes for grouping: two devices can carry different product codes (LLZ vs. QIH) yet do the same thing — the embedding captures the meaning of the intended use and device story. This is also exactly how retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) works under the hood, and it makes a great visual on client calls.
Try it yourself
Head to the search page and work through a few of these AI/ML fuzzy searches to build intuition: perivascular fat on CT · aortic valve calcification opportunistic screening on noncontrast CT · breast cancer prediction on digital pathology slides · autism detection · gestational age prediction · a hearing aid that can also detect a pulse · foundation model based analysis of ECG · large language models · penetration test. Watch how the relevance scores, intended use, and AI Performance tables tell you when results stop being meaningful.
