K120956 · Medical Modeling, Inc. · DZJ · Dec 12, 2012 · Dental
Device Facts
Record ID
K120956
Device Name
VSP SYSTEM
Applicant
Medical Modeling, Inc.
Product Code
DZJ · Dental
Decision Date
Dec 12, 2012
Decision
SESE
Submission Type
Traditional
Regulation
21 CFR 872.4120
Device Class
Class 2
Indications for Use
The Medical Modeling VSP® System is intended for use as a software system and image segmentation system for the transfer of imaging information from a medical scanner such as a CT based system. The input data file is processed by the VSP® System and the result is an output data file that may then be provided as digital models or used as input to a rapid prototyping portion of the system that produces physical outputs including anatomical models, templates, and surgical guides for use in maxillofacial surgery. The VSP® System is also intended as a pre-operative software tool for simulating / evaluating surgical treatment options.
Device Story
VSP System is a software and additive manufacturing platform for reconstructive maxillofacial surgery. Inputs include 3D medical scan data (CT, CBCT, or 3D stone models). Trained Medical Modeling employees use COTS and custom software to segment and manipulate images based on physician input during planning sessions. System produces patient-specific digital models, physical anatomical models, surgical guides, templates, and splints. Physician reviews digital outputs prior to finalization. Accessories include stainless steel cutting/drill inserts. Used in non-medical office environments; physician uses physical guides/templates intraoperatively to assist in bone cutting and drilling. Benefits include improved surgical planning and execution accuracy for complex reconstructions.
Clinical Evidence
Bench testing only. No clinical data. Performance testing included Installation Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ), and Performance Qualification (PQ) to validate the manufacturing process, software subsystems, and integrated system. Testing confirmed that the process correctly translates 3D electronic models into physical outputs within specified tolerances. Additional testing included simulated use (planning sessions), cleaning, sterilization, packaging, and biocompatibility validation.
Technological Characteristics
System comprises 13 software subsystems and 9 additive manufacturing units. Materials include biocompatible polymers and surgical instrument grade stainless steel (ASTM F899-11). Sterility assurance level 1x10-6. Connectivity involves image transfer from medical scanners. Software performs image segmentation and 3D manipulation. Manufacturing utilizes rapid prototyping (additive manufacturing).
Indications for Use
Indicated for surgical candidates undergoing complex reconstructive or anatomical modification surgery in the maxillofacial region, including graft bone harvesting (fibula and hip).
Regulatory Classification
Identification
A bone cutting instrument and accessories is a metal device intended for use in reconstructive oral surgery to drill or cut into the upper or lower jaw and may be used to prepare bone to insert a wire, pin, or screw. The device includes the manual bone drill and wire driver, powered bone drill, rotary bone cutting handpiece, and AC-powered bone saw.
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K120956
Traditional 510(k) for VSP® System Section 7: 510(k) Summary
DEC 1 2 2012
# SECTION 7: 510(K) SUMMARY
#### INTRODUCTION: 1
- 1.1 This document contains the 510(k) summary for the VSP® System. The content of this summary is based on the requirements of 21 CFR 807.92.
#### APPLICANT NAME AND ADDRESS: 2
| Name: | Medical Modeling Inc. |
|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Address: | 17301 West Colfax Avenue<br>Suite 300<br>Golden, CO, 80401 USA<br>Phone: (303) 273-5344<br>Fax: (303) 273-6463 |
| Official Contact: | Andrew Christensen<br>President |
| Summary | |
December 12, 2012 Preparation Date:
#### DEVICE NAME AND CLASSIFICATION 3
Trade Name: VSP® System
Common Name: System for the creation of patient specific anatomical models, templates, guides, and surgical plans
Classification Bone Cutting Instrument and Accessories Name:
Classification: Class II, 21 CFR 872.4120
Product Code: DZJ, LLZ
#### PREDICATE DEVICES: ব
- The VSP® System is claimed to be substantially equivalent to the following legally 4.1 marketed predicate devices:
- CT Modeller (K970617), manufactured by Materialise® 4.1.1
- 4.1.2 SurgiCase® Guides (K103136), manufactured by Materialise®
- 4.1.3 SimPlant® 3Matic® (K060950), manufactured by Materialise®
- 4.1.4 MIMICS® (K073468), manufactured by Materialise®
#### PERFORMANCE STANDARDS: 5
5.1 There are no performance standards for this device type
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Image /page/1/Picture/0 description: The image shows the words "MEDICAL" on the top line and "MODELING" on the bottom line. There is a line separating the two words. The word "MODELING" has a graphic of a planet in the middle of the word.
### DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVICE: હ
- The Medical Modeling VSP® System is a collection of software and associated 6.1 additive manufacturing (rapid prototyping) equipment intended to provide a variety of outputs to support reconstructive surgery. The system uses electronic medical images of the patients' anatomy with input from the physician, to manipulate original patient images for planning and executing surgery. The system produces a variety of patient specific outputs including; anatomical models (physical and digital), surgical templates / guides, splints, and patient specific case reports.
- 6.2 Following the Medical Modeling Quality System and specific Work Instructions, trained employees utilize a combination of Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) and custom software to manipulate 3-D medical scan images which can include Computed Tomography (CT), Cone Beam CT (CBCT), and/or 3-D scan images from patient physical models (stone models of the patient's teeth) to create patient-specific physical and digital outputs. The process requires clinical input and review from the physician during planning and prior to delivery of the final outputs. While the process and dataflow vary somewhat based on the particular requirements of a given patient and physician, the following description outlines the functions of key sub-components of the system, and how they interact to produce the defined system outputs. It should be noted that the system is operated only by trained Medical Modeling employees, and the physician does not directly input information. The physician provides input for model manipulation and interactive feedback through viewing of digital models of system outputs that are modified by the engineer during the planning session.
- 6.3 The VSP® System is made up of 13 individual pieces of software and 9 pieces of manufacturing equipment integrated to provide a range of anatomical models (physical and digital), surgical guides, and patient specific planning reports for reconstructive surgery in the maxillofacial region. Surgical guides for graft bone harvesting which can include the fibula and hip are also produced by the system.
- The VSP® System requires an input 3-D image file from medical imaging systems (i.e. 6.4 - CT). This input is then used, with support from the prescribing physician to provide the following potential outputs to support reconstructive surgery. Each system output is designed with physician input, and reviewed by the physician prior to finalization. All outputs are used only with direct physician involvement reducing the criticality of the outputs.
- 6.5 System Outputs
- 6.5.1 Anatomical Models
- 6.5.2 Surgical Positioning Templates / Guides
- 6.5.3 Osteotomy Templates / Guides
- Plate Bending Templates/Guides - 6.5.4
- 6.5.5 Patient Specific Case Reports
- 6.6 The VSP® System also contains a set of Stainless Steel Cutting and Drill Inserts (VSP® System Accessories) which are intended to be used by the physician to guide cutting and drilling activities during the surgical procedure. The inserts fit into a
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Image /page/2/Picture/0 description: The image contains the words "MEDICAL MODELING" in a bold, sans-serif font. The word "MEDICAL" is placed above the word "MODELING", and there is a horizontal line separating the two words. The word "MODELING" has an image of a UFO in place of the letter "O".
Traditional 510(k) for VSP® Svstem Section 7: 510(k) Summary
standard slot/hole in the cutting/drill guides, and can be used across all the VSP® System guides and templates.
#### INDICATIONS FOR USE 7
- The Medical Modeling VSP® System is intended for use as a software system and 7.1 image segmentation system for the transfer of imaging information from a medical scanner such as a CT based system. The input data file is processed by the VSP® System and the result is an output data file that may then be provided as digital models or used as input to a rapid prototyping portion of the system that produces physical outputs including anatomical models, templates, and surgical guides for use in maxillofacial surgery. The VSP® System is also intended as a pre-operative software tool for simulating / evaluating surgical treatment options.
### COMPARISON OF INTENDED USE AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 8
- The VSP® System has a similar intended use and similar technological characteristics 8.1 as the identified predicate devices. The potential impact on substantial equivalence of each technologic difference was addressed by provided safety and performance testing as described in section 9 below.
- The system employs similar fundamental technologies as the identified 8.1.1 predicates including:
- 8.1.1.1 Software for image transfer, manipulation, and surgical planning;
- 8.1.1.2 Hardware for rapid manufacturing of patient specific anatomical models, quides and templates.
- 8.1.2 The principles of operation and technological characteristics are all either identical, or substantially equivalent between the VSP® System and the four identified predicates.
- The system has similar technical characteristics including: 8.1.3
- 8.1.3.1 System Inputs: Images from medical scanners (i.e. CT);
- 8.1.3.2 System Outputs: Physical and digital outputs such as patient specific anatomical models, cutting and drill quides, templates and splints:
- 8.1.3.3 Materials: Biocompatible polymers and surgical instrument grade stainless steel:
- 8.1.3.4 Sterility Assurance Level: 1x10-6.
- 8.1.4 The intended use of the VSP® System and its predicates are substantially equivalent in the following respects:
- All the of the devices are intended to provide tools and accessories 8.1.4.1 (software for image manipulation, anatomical models, guides and templates) for use in reconstructive surgery;
- The VSP® System and the identified predicates are all intended to be 8.1.4.2 used by trained personnel, in a non-medical manufacturing or office environment, with active support from the surgeon;
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Image /page/3/Picture/0 description: The image shows a logo with the words "MEDICAL" on the top line and "MODELING" on the bottom line. There is a horizontal line separating the two words. Below the word "MEDICAL" is an image of a planet with rings around it.
Traditional 510(k) for VSP® System Section 7: 510(k) Summary
- 8.1.4.3 The VSP® System and the identified predicates are all intended for use on surqical candidates undergoing complex reconstructive or anatomical modification surgery.
- The VSP® System Accessories are manufactured to ASTM F899-11 and are 8.1.5 sterilized by the healthcare facility with the same cycle as the other system outputs. The addition of the VSP® System Accessories does not change the intended use of the system; therefore, the determination of substantial equivalence between the VSP® System and its predicates remains unaffected.
#### SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE TESTING 9
- Section 9.3 below outlines the categories of Verification and Validation testing 9.1 performed on the VSP® System as a part of Medical Modeling's Design Control Program. The testing outlined below was intended to show that the output of the design and development process including labeling and packaging demonstrated compliance with the device specifications and intended uses.
- Because the VSP® System is actually the combination of a manufacturing process · 9.2 and the patient specific outputs of the manufacturing process (models, guides and templates), the performance testing for the device included methods typical of process validation (IQ, OQ, PQ) with the intention to show that the manufacturing process could correctly translate 3 dimensional electronic models of patient anatomies, templates and guides into matching physical models within the allowed tolerance ranges from the process specifications.
- 9.3 Device performance verification and validation testing conducted on the VSP® System included:
- 9.3.1 Installation Qualification (IQ)
- 9.3.1.1 Equipment Installation
- 9.3.1.2 Process Inputs
- 9.3.1.3 Procedures and Work Instructions
- 9.3.1.4 Training
- 9.3.2 Operational Qualification (OQ) - performance over the range of allowable process parameters
- 9.3.2.1 Visual / Dimensional Testing
- 9.3.2.2 Mechanical Testing
- 9.3.2.3 Cytotoxicity Testing
- Performance Qualification (PQ) performance at nominal parameters to 9.3.3 demonstrate consistency and repeatability
- Visual / Dimensional Testing 9.3.3.1
- 9.3.3.2 Mechanical Testing
- 9.3.4 Software Validation
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Image /page/4/Picture/0 description: The image contains the words "MEDICAL" on the top line and "MODELING" on the bottom line. There is a line above the word "MODELING" and below the word "MEDICAL". The word "MODELING" has a graphic of a planet in the middle of the word.
Traditional 510(k) for VSP® System Section 7: 510(k) Summary
- 9.3.4.1 Verification of each independent software subsystem against defined requirements
- 9.3.4.2 Verification of interfaces between software subsystems against defined interface requirements
- 9.3.4.3 Validation of fully integrated system including all subsystems against overall system requirements
- Simulated Use (Planning Session) 9.3.5
- 9.3.6 Labeling Validation
- 9.3.7 Cleaning Validation
- 9.3.8 Sterilization Validation
- Biocompatibility 9.3.9
- 9.3.10 Packaging Validation
- All, Design, Process, and Other Verification and Validation Testing, which was required 9.4 as a result of risk analysis and design impact assessments, showed conformity with pre-established specifications and acceptance criteria. The acceptance criteria were established in order to demonstrate device performance and substantial equivalence of the system to its defined predicate devices.
### 10 SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE
- 10.1 Based on a comparison of the intended use and technological characteristics, the VSP® System is substantially equivalent to the identified predicate devices. Minor differences in technological characteristics were demonstrated by performance data to have no effect on substantial equivalence and validation data supports that the system performs in accordance with its intended use and is substantially equivalent to the following predicate devices:
10.1.1 CT Modeller (K970617), manufactured by Materialise®
10.1.2 SurgiCase® Guides (K103136), manufactured by Materialise®
- 10.1.3 SimPlant® 3Matic® (K060950), manufactured by Materialise®
- 10.1.4 MIMICS® (K073468), manufactured by Materialise®
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Image /page/5/Picture/0 description: The image shows the logo for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The logo consists of a stylized eagle with three tail feathers, representing the department's mission to protect the health of all Americans and provide essential human services. The words "DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES • USA" are arranged in a circular fashion around the eagle.
### DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES
### December 12, 2012
Medical Modeling, Incorporated C/O Mr. Jonathan S. Kahan Partner Hogan Lovells US, Limited Liability Partnership 555 Thirteenth Street, North West WASHINTON DC 20004
Re: K120956
Trade/Device Name: VSP® System Regulation Number: 21 CFR 872.4120 Regulation Name: Bone Cutting Instrument and Accessories Regulatory Class: II Product Code: DZJ, LLZ Dated: December 3, 2012 Received: December 5, 2012
Dear Mr. Kahan:
We have reviewed your Section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. Please note: CDRH does not evaluate information related to contract liability warranties. We remind you, however, that device labeling must be truthful and not misleading.
If your device is classified (see above) into either class II (Special Controls) or class III (PMA), it may be subject to additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 800 to 898. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register.
### Public Health Service
Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Document Control Center - WO66-G609 Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002
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Please be advised that FDA's issuance of a substantial equivalence determination does not mean that FDA has made a determination that your device complies with other requirements of the Act or any Federal statutes and regulations administered by other Federal agencies. You must comply with all the Act's requirements, including, but not limited to: registration and listing (21 CFR Part 807); labeling (21 CFR Part 801); medical device reporting (reporting of medical device-related adverse events) (21 CFR 803); good manufacturing practice requirements as set forth in the quality systems (OS) regulation (21 CFR Part 820); and if applicable, the electronic product radiation control provisions (Sections 531-542 of the Act); 21 CFR 1000-1050.
If you desire specific advice for your device on our labeling regulation (21 CFR Part 801), please go to http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/CDRH/CDRHOffices/ucm115809.htm for the Center for Devices and Radiological Health's (CDRH's) Office of Compliance. Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21CFR Part 807.97). For questions regarding the reporting of adverse events under the MDR regulation (21 CFR Part 803), please go to
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/ReportaProblem/default.htm for the CDRH's Office of Surveillance and Biometrics/Division of Postmarket Surveillance.
You may obtain other general information on your responsibilities under the Act from the Division of Small Manufacturers, International and Consumer Assistance at its toll-free number (800) 638-2041 or (301) 796-7100 or at its Internet address
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Resourcesfor You/Industry/default.htm.
Sincerely yours,
Kwame O. Ulmer
Anthony D. Watson, B.S., M.S., M.B.A. Director
Division of Anesthesiology, General Hospital. Respiratory, Infection Control and
Dental Devices
Office of Device Evaluation
Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Enclosure
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## Indications for Use
510(k) Number (if known): K120956
VSP® System Device Name:
### Indications for Use:
The Medical Modeling VSP® System is intended for use as a software system and image segmentation system for the transfer of imaging information from a medical scanner such as a CT based system. The input data file is processed by the VSP® System and the result is an output data file that may then be provided as digital models or used as input to a rapid prototyping portion of the system that produces physical outputs including anatomical models, templates, and surgical guides for use in maxillofacial surgery. The VSP® System is also intended as a pre-operative software tool for simulating / evaluating surgical treatment options.
Prescription Use _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ X (Part 21 CFR 801 Subpart D) AND/OR
Over-The-Counter Use (21 CFR 801 Subpart C)
(PLEASE DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE-CONTINUE ON ANOTHER PAGE IF NEEDED)
| | Concurrence of CDRH, Office of Device Evaluation (ODE) | |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Susan Runner DDS, MA | 2012.12.12 | |
| | 14:11:33 -05'00' | |
| (Division Sign-Off) | Page 1 of 1 | |
| Division of Anesthesiology, General Hospital | | |
| Infection Control, Dental Devices | | |
| Page 5 of 32 | 510(k) Number: | K120956 |
Two short videos show you everything — or skip straight to the written tutorial if you'd rather read. You can reopen this any time from the Tutorial button in the top bar.
Part 1 — Search, results, and everyday workflows 16 min
Part 2 — Embeddings: the galaxy map 3 min
1. Search: exact and fuzzy
Type a phrase like "coronary artery calcification" into the search box. You get two kinds of results. Exact results match the literal phrase — prefix searches work ("coronary artery calcificati") but suffix searches do not. Fuzzy results match on the meaning and intent of your phrase rather than the exact words, and are sorted by relevance score. Hover over the Exact or Fuzzy badge on any row to see exactly why it matched.
Use the checkboxes above the results to narrow: SaMD keeps only software-only devices, AI / ML keeps only devices with AI.
Exact vs. fuzzy search: what's the difference?
Exact matches on the literal phrase (prefix search works, suffix does not). Fuzzy matches on the meaning and intent of the phrase rather than the exact words. Hover over the badge on any row to see why it matched.
You search "coronary artery calcification" and want only software devices with AI. What two filters do you apply?
Narrow by SaMD (software-only devices), then narrow by AI/ML (devices with AI).
2. The results table
Scroll right in the results table. The intended use is extracted for you — no need to open the PDF. The device story gives a high-level snapshot of what the device does and how it's used. The AI Performance sub-table shows each output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, and development/test dataset descriptions — the same format Innolitics uses for regulatory strategy outputs, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. It is AI-generated but has been very reliable in practice.
Where do you find a device's intended use without opening the PDF?
Scroll right in the search results table. The intended use column is extracted for you; no need to dig into the 510(k) summary PDF.
What does the AI Performance sub-table show, and why is it useful?
Output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, development dataset description, and test dataset description. It's the same format we use for regulatory strategy output and Fast 510(k) input, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. AI-generated but reliable in practice.
3. Judging fuzzy relevance
Fuzzy results trail off in relevance as you scroll. Use three signals to decide how far down to go: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether your target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, you're past the relevant zone. A top hit with a low score (~0.4) and a stretched explanation is a hint the closest predicates are far away — the project may be headed for De Novo. Note the fuzzy search is a pattern match: it doesn't handle negation ("not") well, and hardware devices can appear — filter by SaMD/AI ML to cut them.
How do you judge how far down fuzzy search results to go?
Use the relevancy signals: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether the target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, results are trailing off in relevancy.
4. Device detail page: chat and citations
Click a device name to open its detail page: device facts on the left, a chat window on the right. Ask something like "Describe the training data". The answer carries little citation bubbles — click one to jump to the highlighted passage in the source PDF, so you can verify every AI answer against the document. There's also a Download PDF button for sharing.
How do you verify an AI chat answer on the device detail page?
Click the citation bubbles to jump to the relevant highlight in the source document.
Reading rule for every project: how many summaries do you read in full?
At least the three most relevant 510(k) or De Novo summaries, in full. After that, use targeted chat questions to confirm your memory quickly. The tool supports this professional habit — it doesn't replace it.
5. Side-by-side comparison
Select multiple rows in the results table (aim for under ~10), then open the PDF Viewer tab. Ask one question — it goes to all selected devices in parallel, each with citations. This is the fastest way to compare and contrast devices: training data, PCCP scope, how they handled adding new scanners, and so on.
What does the side-by-side PDF viewer mode do?
Select multiple devices, open the PDF viewer tab, and ask one question (e.g., "Describe the training data"). It queries all selected devices simultaneously with citations, so you can compare and contrast quickly.
6. Collections
With rows selected, go to the Collections tab and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). Reload that selection any time — before a client call, pull up the collection and ask questions across all of its devices at once.
How do you save a set of selected devices for later use?
Select the rows, go to the Collections tab, and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). You can reload the selection anytime and carry it into the PDF viewer and other tabs that support selections.
7. Product codes and the regulations tree
Click a product code in the results to jump to it in the regulations tree — identification text, sibling product codes, and devices you can open in a PDF viewer on the right. Click a regulation number to see its identification, special controls, and related product codes. You can also search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree. Always read the special controls if any exist for your device — it broadens your search and sharpens pre-kickoff research.
What can you do from the regulations tree view?
Browse product codes and regulation numbers, read the identification text and special controls, browse sibling product codes, open device PDFs on the right, and search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree.
8. Chart view
Click Show Chart and segment by regulation number (or product code) to see which regulations dominate your result set. Clicking a regulation takes you into the regulations tree. Great for spotting that most matches are, say, hardware laparoscopic devices — a cue to go back and filter.
How do you see which regulations dominate a search result set?
Click "Show Chart" and segment by Regulation Number. Clicking a regulation takes you to the regulations tree.
9. The predicate graph
Open the Predicates tab for a family-tree view of predicate relationships. Click a node to trace its parents and children; selections from search carry over pre-selected. Commonly predicated devices are worth reading — a lot of people predicated them for a reason. The visual lineage is also handy on client calls, e.g. to show how a predicate family evolved and justify why your predicate still holds.
In the predicate graph, why are commonly predicated devices worth reading?
A lot of people predicated them for a reason. Clicking a node traces parents and children, and selections from search carry over pre-selected.
10. Embeddings: the galaxy map
The Embeddings tab plots every matching document in a 2-D "galaxy map" where semantically similar devices cluster together. Hover or click clusters to explore, and let AI label the clusters for you. Embeddings beat product codes for grouping: two devices can carry different product codes (LLZ vs. QIH) yet do the same thing — the embedding captures the meaning of the intended use and device story. This is also exactly how retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) works under the hood, and it makes a great visual on client calls.
Try it yourself
Head to the search page and work through a few of these AI/ML fuzzy searches to build intuition: perivascular fat on CT · aortic valve calcification opportunistic screening on noncontrast CT · breast cancer prediction on digital pathology slides · autism detection · gestational age prediction · a hearing aid that can also detect a pulse · foundation model based analysis of ECG · large language models · penetration test. Watch how the relevance scores, intended use, and AI Performance tables tell you when results stop being meaningful.